Positional difference of malleoli-midpoint from three-dimensional geometric centre of rotation of ankle and its effect on ankle joint kinetics

Backgrounds: Joint kinetic calculations are sensitive to joint centre locations. Although geometric hip and knee joint centre/axis are generally developed, the ankle joint centre (AJC) is conventionally defined as the midpoint between the malleolus lateralis and medialis (AJC_MID) in most gait analyses.Research question: We examined the positional difference of the AJC_MID from the geometric centre of rotation (AJC_FUN) and its effect on the ankle joint kinetics in representative human gaits.Methods: In the first experiment, we calculated the AJC_FUN and indicated its location on the ankle MRI in 14 (seven male and seven female) participants. In the second experiment, we compared ankle kinematics/kinetics based on AJC_FUN and AJC_MID during walking and hopping at 2.6 Hz in 17 (nine male and eight female) participants.Results: In both experiments, AJC_FUN was located at positions significantly medial (-9.2 ± 5.4 mm and -10.1 ± 4.4 mm) and anterior (17.0 ± 7.4 mm and 15.3 ± 5.2 mm) from the AJC_MID. Furthermore, the AJC_MID underestimated peak dorsiflexion (AJC_MID/AJC_FUN: 52.6 ± 17.1%) and inversion (AJC_MID/AJC_FUN: 62.2 ± 11.5%) torques and their durations in walking. Additionally, AJC_MID overestimated the plantar flexion torque in both gait modes [AJC_MID/AJC_FUN: 111.3 ± 4.8% (walking) and 112.7 ± 6.3% (hopping)].Significance: We therefore concluded that the positional difference between the geometric and landmark-based AJC definitions significantly affected ankle kinetics, thereby indicating that the functional method should be used for defining AJC for gait analysis.     

CBL和PBL结合研讨会教学法在妇产科实习教学中的应用

目的探讨CBL和PBL结合研讨会教学法在妇产科实习教学的应用。方法选取2019年2月-2020年2月在我院妇产科实习的学生52例,随机分成研究组和对照组各26例,对照组采用传统教学法,研究组采用CBL和PBL结合研讨会教学法。结果研究组学习方法满意度明显高于对照组(P <0.05);研究组理论成绩、病例分析成绩以及实践操作成绩均高于对照组(P <0.05);研究组团队协作能力、妇产科知识认知能力、分析理解能力、临床思维能力以及理论联系实际能力等评分均高于对照组(P <0.05)。结论在妇产科实习教学期间应用CBL和PBL结合研讨会教学法效果理想,可有效促进医学生综合能力提升。     

Focusing on functional knee parameter determination to develop a better clinical gait analysis protocol

BackgroundAttempts to improve protocol standards of marker-based clinical gait analysis (CGA) have been one of the main focuses of research to enhance robustness and reliability outcomes since the 1990s. Determining joint centres and axes constitutes an important aspect of those protocols. Although the hip joint is more prominent in such studies, knee joint center (KJC) and axis (KJA) directly affect all outcomes.Research questionWhat recommendations arise from the study of the scientific literature for determining knee joint parameters (KJP) for protocols of CGA?MethodsA systematic, electronic search was conducted on November 2018 using three databases with the keyword combination (“functional approach” OR “functional method” OR “functional calibration”) AND (“hip joint” OR “knee joint” OR “ankle joint”) and analyzed by four reviewers. Given the existence of a recent review about the hip joint and the lack of material about the ankle joint, only papers about the knee joint were kept. The references cited in the selected papers were also screened in the final round of the search for these publications.The quality of the selected papers was assessed and aspects regarding accuracy, repeatability, and feasibility were thoroughly considered to allow for a comparison between studies. Technical aspects, such as marker set choice, KJP determination techniques, demographics, and functional movements, were also included.ResultsThirty-one papers were included and on average received a rating of about 75 % according to the quality scale used. The results showed that functional methods are superior or equivalent to predictive methods to estimate the KJA, while a regression method was slightly better for KJC prediction.SignificanceCalibration methods should be applied to CGA whenever feasibility is reached. No study to date has focused on evaluating the in vivo RoM required to obtain reliable and repeatable results and future work should aim in this direction.     

中医结合三阶梯止痛法综合治疗癌性疼痛的临床研究

癌痛是恶性肿瘤最常见的并发症之一,可由肿瘤本身导致癌痛,也可因肿瘤压迫周围组织、神经等产生疼痛,或在治疗过程中产生。癌痛按时间可以分为急性痛和慢性痛,按病理学特征可分为伤害感受性疼痛和神经病理性疼痛,或二者混合。长期癌痛直接影响肿瘤患者的生理与心理状态,严重降低患者生存期生活质量,甚至瓦解治疗信心和对治疗方案的依从性,从而影响治疗效果,缩短生存周期。目前,西医控制癌痛以WHO三阶段止痛方案、抗肿瘤治疗、非药物疗法等为主,其中以WHO三阶梯止痛方案为基本策略,具有普遍性、有效性、经济性等特点,但止痛药物在治疗同时不可忽略期不良反应及非阿片类药物的“封顶作用”,制约了三阶梯止痛法的应用效果。祖国医学认为“本虚标实”“正虚邪实”是恶性肿瘤的基本病机,症状有以实痛为主,也有以虚痛为主,常采取辨病与辨证相结合,扶正与驱邪并举的方式,既重视由癌毒,又兼顾正虚,常以中药汤剂、膏剂、针刺、艾灸、穴位埋线等联合WHO三阶梯止痛方案联合应用,体现中医整体观念、个体化治疗的优势,鼓励多学科合作,可有效减少西药不良反应,延缓阶梯用药上升进程,减少突破痛发生几率,提升患者生活质量,以接近控制癌痛的最佳效果和最小代价,中医抗癌止痛思路可作为三阶梯止痛法的重要补充。     

基于子宫内膜异位症与恶性肿瘤的相关性探析补肾化瘀法作用机制及中医理论依据

子宫内膜异位症其异位内膜组织虽然在形态学上呈良性表现，却具有类似恶性肿瘤的生物学特性。中医学一般认为，“正虚伏邪”为恶性肿瘤的病机特点；那么，肾虚血瘀既属于“正虚伏邪”的范畴，又体现了EMs发病学和疾病发生、发展过程中的主要特点。在“病证相应”的中医治则之下，补肾化瘀法的临床疗效主要表现为：缓解痛经症状、提高受孕率，以及调整月经周期。本文基于EMs与恶性肿瘤的相关性，通过分析补肾化瘀法治疗EMs的理论依据及其抑制异位内膜侵袭的调控机制，主要包括解除免疫抑制、阻断局部微血管新生等，旨在阐明其疗效显著的原因，为临床推广提供可靠的基础研究证据。     

载As2O3 pH敏感钙砷复合物脂质体的制备及体外评价

目的 制备pH敏感释药的As₂O₃脂质体，并进行体外评价。方法 采用薄膜分散法制备含钙离子脂质体，然后用离子沉淀法孵育制备钙砷复合物脂质体（CaAs-LP）。测定CaAs-LP的粒径、Zeta电位及多分散系数（PDI）；透射电子显微镜观察脂质体的形态；电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪测定纳米药物的载药量与包封率；透析袋法考察其体外释药特性。噻唑蓝（MTT）法考察未载药脂质体及CaAs-LP对人源性乳腺癌MCF-7细胞、人源性脑胶质瘤U87细胞和人源性肝癌HepG2细胞的毒性；共聚焦显微镜考察U87细胞对CaAs-LP的摄取效率。结果 制备的CaAs-LP呈规整类球型，粒径约为（117.16±1.94）nm，包封率和载药量分别为（74.31±2.11）%、（8.31±0.13）%。体外释放研究表明，CaAs-LP具有明显的缓释以及pH响应释药特征。未载药的脂质体在MCF-7、U87、HepG2和L02细胞中的生物相容性良好；CaAs-LP抑制肿瘤细胞生长的作用较原药有所上升，半数抑制浓度（IC₅₀）值分别为11.91、4.90、19.41、27.59 μmol/L。细胞摄取研究表明肝癌细胞对脂质体具有良好的摄取。结论 CaAs-LP具备显著的缓释以及pH响应释药的特性，在肿瘤治疗方面具有较好的应用前景。     

内科临床教学中PBL教学法结合思维导图的应用

目的探讨内科临床教学中PBL教学法结合思维导图的应用价值。方法以大理大学2015级一个班级在医院见习的55名本科生作为研究对象,数据收集时间为2019年5月;按照授课方式的差异将学生分为实验班与对照班,实验班27名学生,对照班28名学生;对照班实施常规教学法,实验班PBL教学法结合实施思维导图,对比两种教学方法的效果。结果实验班医学生的客观题得分为(84.59±2.58)分,病例分析题得分为(90.26±2.61)分,上述指标得分均高于对照班医学生,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);实验班满意度评分高于对照班评分,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论在内科临床教学中PBL教学法结合思维导图的应用,能够更好地提升医学生的理论知识与实践操作技能。     

醒脑开窍针刺法治疗血管性痴呆患者的疗效

目的:探究醒脑开窍针刺法对血管性痴呆(VD)患者的简易智能状态量表(MMSE)评分、Barthel指数及基质金属蛋白酶(MMP)的影响。方法:选取2017年1月至2018年1月湖南省脑科医院收治的血管性痴呆患者共110例作为研究对象,随机分为观察组和对照组,每组55例。对照组采用常规针刺疗法;观察组采用醒脑开窍针刺疗法,2组疗程均为4周。比较2组患者治疗后治疗有效率及治疗前后MMSE、Barthel指数及MMP水平。结果:观察组、对照组的治疗有效率分别为92.72%和78.18%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);治疗后2组患者MMSE和Barthel指数均显著升高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),且观察组高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);治疗后2组患者的MMP-2和MMP-9值均下降,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),且观察者组患者的MMP-2和MMP-9低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:醒脑开窍针刺法对VD患者疗效显著,能够有效缓解痴呆症状。     

基于寒区发病特点的龙江医家血液病中医辨治思维与实践＊

中医临床思维在诊疗中扮演着重要角色，为立法之纲纪，治病之根本。今之血液系统疾病变化趋于复杂，临床辨治思维是中医血液病诊治的关键所在。本文基于寒区发病特点、龙江地域气候与人民生活特征，总结以前辈高仲山、华廷芳先生，国家级名中医孙伟正教授为代表的龙江名医血液病诊疗特色经验，通过“因实、因虚致病”病机，以“三因制宜”为基础，系统阐述了“实者以决、结者以散、虚者宜补、劳者宜温”的血液病中医辨治思维及其实践，为寒区血液疾病的中医诊治提供了治法方向。     

厚朴超临界CO_2提取工艺优化及提取物抗氧化活性研究

目的优选超临界CO_2提取厚朴有效成分的工艺并探讨厚朴超临界CO_2提取物的抗氧化活性。方法采用HPLC法测定厚朴超临界CO_2提取物中厚朴酚与和厚朴酚的含量,正交试验优选厚朴超临界CO_2提取工艺,MTT法检测提取物抗氧化活性。结果厚朴酚优化工艺为萃取压力25 MPa,萃取温度55℃,CO_2用量30 kg;和厚朴酚最佳提取工艺压力15 MPa、萃取温度50℃、CO_2用量25 kg。厚朴超临界CO_2提取物具有抗氧化活性,且分离参数不同,抗氧化活性有显著差异。结论在所优选的提取工艺条件下,厚朴酚、和厚朴酚的提取效率较高,重复性较好,工艺稳定可行,提取物具有良好的抗氧化活性。